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L'appareil respiratoire et la respiration .

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À la une

Salut à tous les EM  :thumbup2:

 

Le besoin de respirer est fondamental car c'est " capter " l'oxygène indispensable à la vie cellulaire et d'en rejeter le gaz carbonique .

Respirer c'est la vie et faire du cardio, fitness ou muscu en respirant bien ....çà c'est la belle vie .

Le sujet est assez complet si bien que j'espère qu'il ne vous coupera pas le souffle :$

 

L'appareil respiratoire et la respiration :

 

I- LES VOIES AERIENNES

images37.jpg


La fonction respiratoire a pour mission l'enrichissement du sang en oxygène et le rejet des déchets gazeux ( gaz carbonique ou CO2 ) qui résulte du fonctionnement de l'organisme.

Ces transformations du sang s'effectuent au niveau des poumons. Outres ceux-ci ,l'appareil respiratoire comprend les voies aériennes , c-à-d l'ensemble des conduits qui amènent l'air aux poumons ,et les organes de la mécanique respiratoire ,qui permettent l'accompagnement des mouvements respiratoires.

L'air ambiant , pour parvenir aux poumons ,emprunte de haut en bas : les fausses nasales , le pharynx ,le larynx , la trachée , les bronches.
 

LES FAUSSES NASALES


Ce sont 2 conduits parallèles creusés dans le massif osseux de la face et protégés en avant par le nez.

ArrowLeur orifice antérieur

Leur orifice antérieure est la narine ,garnie de poils qui assurent un filtrage grossier de l'air inspiré.

ArrowLeur cavité

Leur cavité est grossièrement quadrilatère.

- En dedans ,une lame osseuse sépare les fausses nasales l'une de l'autre ;

- En dehors ,la paroi est constituée par l'étage antérieur de la base du crâne ; il s'y implante des lamelles osseuse fines , les cornets ;

- En haut , la paroi est constituée par l'étage antérieur de la base du crâne ;

- En bas , le palais sépare les fausses nasales de la cavité buccale.

Ces parois sont tapissées par la muqueuse pituitaire qui comprend 2 parties :

- En haut la muqueuse olfactive : rôle de la perception des odeurs ;

- En bas la muqueuse respiratoire dont le rôle est de réchauffer et humidifier l'air inspiré et de le débarrasser des impuretés grâce à ces cils vibratiles .

Dans la cavité des fausses nasales débouchent les cavités creusées dans les os de la face ou sinus ainsi que les conduits lacrymaux.

ArrowL'orifice postérieur

L'orifice postérieur des fosses nasales débouche dans le pharynx ; il porte le nom de choane .

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LE PHARYNX


Le pharynx est le carrefour des voies respiratoires et digestives ( carrefour aéro-digestif ) puisqu'il fait communiquer la bouche avec l'oesophage d'une part et les fausses nasales avec le larynx d'autre part.
 

LE LARYNX


Le larynx est un tube creux intercalé entre le pharynx et la trachée et différencié en vue de la parole.

ArrowLa structure du larynx

Le larynx est constitué par un squelette composé de l'os hoïde et de plusieurs cartillages rigides ( thyroïde ,cricoïde ,aryténoïde ,épiglottique ) réunis l'un à l'autre par des ligaments et des muscles.

La cavité du larynx est tapissée par une muqueuse , la muqueuse laryngée ,soulevée par des ligaments pour former les cordes vocales. L'orifice supérieur du larynx est fermée par l'épiglotte lors des mouvements de déglutitions .

ArrowLa fonction du larynx

Outre son rôle de conduit respiratoire ,le larynx est l'organe essentiel de la parole ou phonation.

Le passage de l'air expiré à travers le larynx provoque des vibrations des cordes vocales mises en tension par les muscles du larynx.

Cette vibration entraîne la production d'un son ,le son glottique ,qui est ensuite repris et modulé au niveau des cavités aériennes de la face et de la cavité buccale pour former la parole.
larynx10.gifimages36.jpg



 

LA TRACHEE


La trachée est le conduit qui fait suite au larynx et donne naissance aux bronches.

C'est long tube de 12 cm environ ,à peu près cylindrique ,qui traverse la partie basse du cou et la partie haute du thorax ,sur la ligne médiane ; elle s'y divise en 2 bronches.

La trachée est formée entre 16 et 20 anneaux incomplets de cartilages rigide qui constituent la partie antérieure du tube ; la partie postérieure est formée par une membrane fibreuse unissant les extrémités des anneaux.

Les espaces entre les anneaux sont également occupés par du tissus fibreux .

La trachée est tapissée par une muqueuse qui contient :

- des cellules sécrétant du mucus chargé d'agglutiner les impuretés de l'air inspiré;

- des cellules à cils vibratils repoussant vers le haut ( la toux )les poussières et protégeant les poumons .

 

LES BRONCHES


Ce sont 2 conduits nés de la bifurcation de la trachée . Il existe une bronche à droite et une bronche à gauche . Chacune pénètre dans le poumon correspondant accompagnée des artères et des veines pulmonaires l'ensemble constituant le pédicule pulmonaire.

A l'intérieur du poumon les bronches se divisent en bronches de plus en plus petites jusqu'au bronches ultimes appelées bronchioles terminales .

528px-10.pngimage010.gif

 



II- LES POUMONS

images38.jpg

Les poumons occupent la majeure partie de la cage thoracique.
 

FORME ET RAPPORTS

 

Chaque poumon a une forme pyramidale et présente à étudier :

- une face externe :

Une face externe appliquée à la face profonde du gril costal.

- une face interne :

Une face interne par où pénètre dans le poumon la bronche et les vaisseaux pulmonaires.

- une base :

Une base appliquée sur le diaphragme .

Chaque poumon est divisé en lobes par des scissures profondes . Il existe 2 lobes à gauche et 3 lobes à droite.
 

LA STRUCTURE DES POUMONS


Chaque poumon est formé par la juxtaposition de structures élémentaires identiques , les lobules pulmonaires . Chaque lobule représente en quelque sorte un poumon en miniature.

A l'intérieur de chaque lobule , la bronchiole se divise en un grand nombre de branches et les ramifications ultimes forment les bronchioles terminales. Chacune d'elles aboutit à un sac dont la paroi très fine est condtituée par une seule couche de cellules très minces. Cette couche de cellules est d'un côté en contact avec l'air amené par les bronchioles ,de l'autre côté en contact avec les vaisseaux capillaires pulmonaires. C'est à ce niveau que s'effectuent les échange gazeux pulmonaires .

Le sac auquel aboutit la bronchiole terminale est appelé acinus ; il est formé par une série de bosselures et chaque bosselure est une alvéole pulmonaire.

s_stru10.jpg93034310.jpg


 

LES VAISSEAUX DU POUMON

 

Chaque poumon reçoit une double irrigation.

ArrowUne irrigation nutritive

Elle est assurée par les vaisseaux bronchiques , artères et veines . Ces vaisseaux suivent le trajet des bronches et assurent la nutrition de tous les éléments constitutifs du poumon.

ArrowUne irrigation fonctionnelle

Elle vise à l'oxygénation du sang de l'organisme .

- L'artère pulmonaire qui amène aux poumons le sang veineux se ramifie en un réseau capillaire qui tapisse la paroi des alvéoles pulmonaires.

- Les veines pulmonaires naissent du réseau précédent et ramènent au coeur gauche le sang oxygéné.

 

III- LES ORGANES DE LA MECANIQUE RESPIRATOIRE
 

LA CAGE THORACIQUE

 

Elle est souple et se déforme lors des mouvements respiratoires : à l'inspiration le diamètre transversal ,le diamètre vertical et le diamètre antéro-postérieur de la cage thoracique augmentent , ils diminuent à l'expiration.
 

LES MUSCLES RESPIRATOIRES

 

Il en existe 2 groupes :

ArrowLes muscles inspirateurs:

Le plus important est le diaphragme ; c'est la contraction de ce muscle qui assure l'essentiel de l'inspiration. Les autres muscles ( intercostaux , pectoraux ,dentelés.....) n'ont qu'un rôle accessoire.

Arrow Les muscles expirateurs :

Ils n'ont qu'un rôle très réduit car l'expiration est un phénomène passif qui ne nécéssite aucun travail musculaire. Ils n'interviennent que dans l'expiration forcée.
 

LA PLEVRE

 

La plèvre est l'enveloppe propre des poumons . Il existe 2 plèvres ( une pour chaque poumon ) qui ne communiquent pas l'une avec l'autre.

Chaque plèvre est constituée par 2 feuillets : un feuillet tapissant la face profonde des côtes et adhèrant à elles et un feuillet tapissant le poumon at accolé à lui.

Entre les 2 feuillets se trouve une cavité " virtuelle " la cavité pleurale , qui ne contient qu' une minime quantité de liquide ( liquide pleural ) permettant le glissement des deux feuillets l'un sur l'autre.

C'est la solidarité entre les feuillets de la plèvre et la cage thoracique d'une part et le poumon d'autre part qui explique que les mouvements respiratoires soient transmis au poumon au cours de la respiration.

 

IV- LA RESPIRATION

Elle comprend 2 catégories de phénomènes : les phénomènes mécaniques ( mouvement respiratoires ) et les phénomènes chimiques ( les échanges gazeux ).
 

LES PHENOMENES MECANIQUES

 

ArrowLes mouvements respiratoires

La respiration comporte 2 temps distincts : l'inspiration pendant laquelle le poumon se gonfle d'air et l'expiration pendant laquelle se produit le rejet de l'air inspiré précédemment.

- L'inspiration est un phénomène actif nécéssitant la contraction des muscles inspirateurs et notamment du diaphragme.

Au cours de l'inspiration , les 3 diamètres de la cage thoracique augmentent ; ce mouvement est transmis , grâce au plèvres ,aux poumons sous-jacents qui se distendent et s'emplissent d'aire .

- L'expiration est un phénomène purement passif qui nécéssite aucune action musculaire.

C'est en effet l'élasticité des poumons qui provoque la rétractation de ceux-ci ; grâce aux plèvres ,cette rétractation est transmise à la cage thoracique qui revient à sa position de départ.

ArrowMécanisme des mouvement respiratoires

Les mouvements respiratoires sont automatiques et indépendants de la volonté. Cet automatisme est dû à l'activité des centres respiratoires:

=> Les centres respiratoires : sont situés au niveau du bulbe rachidien ; les cellules de ces centres ont une activité rythmique ;

=> Le fonctionnement des centres respiratoires : est assuré par l'activité rythmique de leur cellules mais cette activité est influencée par des facteurs qui contrôlent , régularisent et adaptent le fonctionnement des centres.

Ces facteurs sont :

¤ L'activité du cerveau : la volonté peut modifier le rythme respiratoire ;

¤ L'activité des autres centres bulbaires ( centre de la déglutition et du vomissement ) : il y a arret respiratoire pendant le vomissement et la déglutition ;

¤ Les incitations circulatoires : la chute de la pression artérielle augmente la ventilation pulmonaire et inversement , l'élévation de la pression tend à diminuer la ventilation pulmonaire ;

¤ La composition chimique du sang : l'appauvrissement du sang en oxygène ,son enrichissement en gaz carbonique ( CO2 ) ou en substances acides provoquent l'augmentation de la ventilation pulmonaire.

De ces facteurs chimiques c'est le CO2 qui est le stimulant le plus puissant des centrres respiratoires. A l'invers , l'enrichisement du sang en oxygène (O2) , son appauvrissement en CO2 ou en substance acides inhibent l'activité des centres et diminuent la ventilation pulmonaire.
 

LES PHENOMENES CHIMIQUES


Ils comportent 3 étapes : les échanges gazeux au niveau des poumons , le transport des gaz par le sang circulant ,enfin les échanges gazeux au niveau des cellules.

ArrowLes échanges gazeux au niveau des poumons :

Ils effectuent entre le sang veineux et l'air contenu dans les alvéoles pulmonaires ou air alvéolaire.

L'air alvéolaire est le siège d'échange gazeux intenses ; il est épuré à chaque mouvement respiratoire mais il n'est jamais entièrement évacué à l'expiration. Il est riche en O2 et contient une petite quantité de CO2.

Le sang veineux qui chemine dans les capillaire pulmonaires est pauvre en O2 et riche en CO2.

Les échange se font par la diffusion des gaz à travers la paroi alvéolaire ,d'un milieu à l'autre. Pour chaque gaz , la diffusion se fait du milieu où sa pression est la plus forte vers celui où la pression est la plus faible:

- L'O2 dont la pression est forte dans l'air alvéolaire pénètre dans le sang veineux où sa pression est la plus forte pour gagner l'air alvéolaire.

Ces échanges aboutissent à la transformation du sang veineux ( pauvre en O2 , riche en CO2 ) en sang artériel ( riche en O2 et pauvre en CO2 )

ArrowLe transport des gaz par le sang circulant :

=> L' oxygène (O2 ) est transporté sous 2 formes :

- une faible partie dissoute dans le plasma ;

- la majeure partie est transportée par les globules rouges ( hématies ) du sang; ceux-ci contiennent un pigment rouge l'hémoglobine .L'O2 se combine à l' hémoglobine et forme l' oxyhémoglobine.

=> Le gaz carbonique(CO2) : est transporté sous 3 formes :

- Forme combinée : le CO2 est un des constituants du bicarbonates ; c'est la forme essentielle de son transport par le sang ;

- Forme dissoute dans le plasma ;

- Forme combinée à l'hémoglobine , constituant la carbhémoglobine.

ArrowLes échanges gazeux au niveau des cellules :

Ils s'effectuent suivant un mode inverse de ce qui se passe au niveau des poumons:

=> L' O2 est libéré de l'hémoglobine ; il se disout dans le plasma qui va l'amener jusqu'au cellule où il est utilisé;

=> Le CO2 produit par les cellules se combine dans le plasma pour son transport.

Au total , le circuit des gaz à l'intérieur de l'organisme peut être résumé et schématisé sur le tableau suivant :
 

Air Poumons Globules rouges Plasma Cellules
Air => Oxygène => Oxyhémoglobine => Oygène dissous => Utilisation de l'O2
Air <= CO2 <= Carbhémoglobine <= Bicarbonates <=

CO2  dissous <=
<= Rejet du CO2
 
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